Belgium declared its independence in 1830, though its history stretches back much further. These 11 unique buildings provide snapshots of the country’s trajectory through time.

　　Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die, edited by Mark Irving (2016). Writers’ names appear in parentheses.

　　Cathedral of Our Lady, AntwerpThis Gothic building—built between 1353 and 1533—replaced an earlier Romanesque church on the site. Its 405-feet-high (123 m) north tower was completed in 1518 and was intended to be accompanied by a second, which was never built further than the main roof level. Consecrated as a cathedral in 1559, it is a dominant landmark in Antwerp, while its interior, with its triple aisles, is typical of northern Gothic “hall church.” It is an unusually large church, though the Holy Roman emperor Charles V laid the foundation stone for an extension that would have made it three times its existing size. In 1533, the still unfinished building was partly destroyed by fire. The reconstruction coincided with the Flemish Renaissance, resulting in Gothic and Classical forms that blend harmoniously beneath a coat of whitewash inside the cathedral. The bulbous lantern over the crossing creates a light-filled heaven.

　　Much of the cathedral’s original decoration was destroyed by iconoclastic Protestants in the mid-16th century. Among the main attractions is the series of paintings by Peter Paul Rubens. The pulpit is dated 1713 and was brought to the cathedral in 1814. With the carved organ case, it is the perfect accompaniment to Rubens. Changes to the building include the carving of the main portal in a Neo-Gothic style in the early 20th century. (Alan Powers)

　　Antwerp Central StationVisitors arriving in Antwerp, Belgium’s principal port, are invariably astonished by the grandeur of the city’s Central Station. It is a cathedral of the railways and one of Europe’s most impressive stations. Belgium was an early adopter of railways: the first line, from Antwerp to Mechelen (Malines), opened in 1836. The present building is the third on this site since then.

　　The ornate station building, by Louis de la Censerie, uses marble and decoration extravagantly in an overblown Neo-Renaissance style, known locally as Léopold II. De la Censerie is said to have been inspired by Lucerne train station in Switzerland and the Pantheon in Rome. An impressive staircase and the giant glass roof dome, centered on an elaborate clock, add to the splendor. Clement Van Bogaert’s immense iron and glass roof is 140 feet (43 m) high, 610 feet (186 m) long, and 216 feet (66 m) wide. The building was officially opened in 1905, when Antwerp was a wealthy, thriving port city. Although Belgium is a small country, part of its empire was the Congo basin in Africa, and Antwerp Central Station acted as the European gateway to the Congo’s immense wealth. The station has survived two world wars and German occupations. It was designed as a dead-end terminal out of which trains had to reverse. Since 1998, ambitious rebuilding has allowed high-speed train services between Paris, Brussels, and Amsterdam, to travel via tunnels across the city. The station building was restored between 1993 and 2005; the result was three levels and 14 platforms. It is one of the world’s great railway stations. (Aidan Turner-Bishop)

　　The focus of the city’s Grand Place, Brussels Town Hall is perhaps the most significant secular building constructed in the Brabantine Gothic style. The principal facade of the building is arranged to face the square and is centered on a massive, 315-foot-high (96 m) bell tower, at the base of which is the building’s main entrance. The overall design, which included a lower bell tower, is attributed to Jacob van Thienen and dates to the early 1400s. Expansion of the town hall was begun from 1444, when the ten-year-old duke Charles the Bold officiated at a foundation ceremony for the enlargement, which was designed and supervised by the city architect Herman de Voghele. A final phase, completed in 1455, was overseen by Jan van Ruysbroek, the court architect of Philip the Good, and included the extension of the bell tower and the addition of a rich crowning portion to the octagonal tower in the Flamboyant style. A 16-foot-high (5 m) gilt bronze sculpture of St. Michael tops the tower.

　　In spite of this complex building history, and the vicissitudes that saw the building gutted in various military events (it was sacked during the French Revolution), the town hall offers a unified and impressive facade to the city. Serried ranks of Gothic arcading articulate an open ground-floor gallery, which is imitated on two successive stories of cross-mullioned windows, topped by crenellations, and a steeply pitched roof with dormer windows. The entire facade is encrusted with lively figural sculpture representing nobles (some of whose houses were demolished to make way for the palace), saints, and allegorical figures. It is the continuous nature of this decorative scheme that helps bind together the facade into an ordered whole. (Fabrizio Nevola)

　　The Palace of Justice in Brussels was the largest building constructed in the world during the 19th century. It is 344 feet (105 m) high, has a footprint of 525 by 492 feet (160 by 150 m), covers 853,000 square feet (79,246 sq m), and contains eight courtyards, 27 large courtrooms, and 245 smaller rooms. The building looms even larger by virtue of the fact that it was built on the hill above an area previously known as the Gallows Field—where criminals were executed.

　　The design of the building was the subject of a competition in 1860. When there were no declared winners, King Leopold II awarded the relatively unknown architect Joseph Poelaert the project in 1861. The style of the building, eclectic and grandiose, is typical of much official architecture of late 19th-century Europe. The building has variously, and confusingly, been described as Assyrian, Byzantine, Roman, and Neo-Gothic.

　　The project seemed somewhat cursed from the beginning, suffering such delays that Poelaert did not live to see it finished. Once completed in 1883, the building work had overrun the original budget six times. Further controversy was provoked when, in order to clear the site for construction, a section of the neighborhood of Marolles was demolished, causing much ill feeling. A café that later opened in the neighborhood was called De Scheve Architect, meaning “the crooked architect.“

　　The Palace of Justice was one of Adolf Hitler’s favorite buildings, and in September 1944 German soldiers retreating from the city were ordered to burn it down. But they managed only to collapse the dome, which was rebuilt even higher after the war. (Rob Wilson)

　　Hôtel Tassel, completed in 1893, is the elegant work of Belgian Art Nouveau architect and artist Victor Horta. It is his first mature Art Nouveau structure, incorporating hints of the French Gothic Revival influence and setting the pace for the style.

　　The two-story structure is located in the center of Brussels. It was designed and built for geometry professor Émile Tassel on a narrow and deep site. A finely detailed urban house, Hôtel Tassel has an articulated facade defined around centered, stacked, bay windows with a top balcony. The architect used regularly curved forms, strongly believing in their practicality rather than seeing them as merely ornamental. He also experimented with glass and steel, both in the free-flowing interiors and in the house’s purpose-designed furniture. The facade is almost Neoclassical in appearance, but the balcony section’s oblique form suggests its decorative influences. Expressive, nature-inspired designs are found in the warm-colored patterns on the walls and floors and in the exuberant staircase metalwork.

　　Horta fitted out the house in sumptuous style, although the revolutionary aspect of the structure lies elsewhere: in the free use of the interior space and the different-level access to the various rooms, breaking the traditional separated-room approach to residential planning. (Ellie Stathaki)

　　Maison and Atelier HortaRevolutionary Belgian architect Victor Horta designed this graceful Art Nouveau complex in Brussels to serve as his house and atelier (studio). Maison Horta was constructed between 1898 and 1902, followed by a long period of renovations and alterations that brought the house to its final form; it was sold in 1919, when Horta moved to nearby Avenue Louise. This narrow town house and atelier are representative of the height of his career, showcasing his maturely perfected Art Nouveau skills.

　　A sublimely detailed organic staircase dominates the entrance, leading to the more private areas of the bow-windowed house, and is the main circulation-well connecting most of the major spaces within. Above the top of the main staircase there are a number of curvaceous skylights crafted in glass and metalwork that perfectly demonstrate the Art Nouveau decorative tendency. Horta’s nature-inspired patterns appear throughout most of the house’s fittings and furniture, ranging from balconies to doorknobs and from drainpipes to the master bed, all designed in pure Hortian style. Even though the two parts of the complex—house and studio—were conceived together and communicate from the inside, they each have their own individual character, distinguishing residential from professional space.

　　In 1969, the house and atelier became the Horta Museum; a few years later the buildings were restored and interconnected. In 2000, the Maison and Atelier Horta and Horta’s town houses—Hôtel Tassel, Hôtel Solvay, and Hôtel van Eetvelde—were designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. (Ellie Stathaki)

　　Although located on a Brussels boulevard 570 miles (900 km) from Vienna, Palais Stoclet is perhaps the most iconic of all the Secession movement’s creations. The Secession movement began when German and Austrian artists broke from academic art institutions to start their own movement. The Vienna Secession became a more restrained version of Art Nouveau style. Josef Hoffman designed the house for Adolphe Stoclet, who allowed Hoffmann and the artist-craftsmen of his newly established Wiener Werkstätte to create complete interiors in which the design of every object was part of the whole. With its marble cladding, bronze edgings, and cascading composition of towers, the exterior of the house is geometrically complex but comparatively restrained—although, in a dramatic statement, four huge figures by sculptor Franz Metzner stand atop the soaring tower. This is Arts and Crafts with a distinctly Modernist twist. The interior is awash with precious stones and metals, opulent veneers and enamels. The dining room is decorated with one of the most astonishing of all the works of Gustav Klimt. His glittering 46-feet-wide (14 m) frieze, Fulfilment, runs in two sections around the room. The Palais Stoclet provides a field day for enthusiasts of fin-de-siècle Vienna. (Timothy Brittain-Catlin)

　　The Atomium is a giant model of a crystal molecule of metal, magnified 165 billion times. It stands 335 feet (101 m) high on the Heysel plateau close to the site of the 1958 World’s Fair, for which it was built. The structure consists of nine spheres, 59 feet (18 m) in diameter, linked by diagonal tubes 75 feet (29 m) long and 11 feet (3 m) wide. A large model was tested in a wind tunnel, which is why the “molecule” is supported by three pylons, called “bipods,” needed for stability and for emergency evacuation stairways. An elevator leads to the panoramic view at the top and escalators—the longest in Europe when built—link the spheres.

　　One of its designers, Eugène Waterkeyn, hoped the Atomium would “encourage young people to seek careers in the technical field or in scientific research.” Originally, some of the spheres contained scientific and medical displays. The Atomium is now seen as a relic from the time when atomic symbols were used in popular domestic designs. The Atomium’s construction dates from when Brussels was rebuilt after World War II and during a time of military occupation. Today it is a popular symbol of the European Union’s capital city and perhaps relates to a deeper taste for the surreal. Belgium is, after all, the home of René Magritte and Hieronymus Bosch. (Aidan Turner-Bishop)

　　The IJzertoren (Yser Tower) is a surprise in the flat landscape of Flanders. This 275-foot-high (84 m) brick and concrete tower was built to the memory of Flemish soldiers of World War I. In 1914, nearly all of Belgium was occupied by the Germans, despite the country’s declaration of neutrality, except for a pocket in southwest Flanders. The IJzertoren overlooks the site of the front line where fighting was so intense that the city of Diksmuide was utterly devastated.

　　An earlier tower was erected in 1930, but it was blown up by unknown persons in 1946. It is claimed that the tower, which is also seen as a symbol of Flemish identity, especially commemorated Flemish-speaking Belgian troops, who may have felt aggrieved by their French-speaking officers in World War I. After 1945, it has been suggested, some Walloon (French-speaking) Belgians may have felt that some Flemish Belgians were too sympathetic to the Nazi occupiers.

　　The present tower, begun in 1952, was built of Flemish bricks in a Dutch Moderne style. The “cube” at the top is dominated by the letters AVV (Alles Voor Vlaanderen—All For Flanders) and VVK (Vlaanderen Voor Kristus—Flanders for Christ). The 22 stories contain displays about war, peace, and Flemish history. The top floor overlooks the former battlefield, including the Dodengang (Trench of Death), a preserved stretch of the Belgian front line. (Aidan Turner-Bishop)

　　Ettore Sottsass was born in Innsbruck, Austria, and studied architecture in Turin. He traveled widely in Europe, America, and Asia, finding inspiration for his signature style. Sottsass also found fame as a furniture and industrial designer and became noted for his innovative, experimental use of new materials, especially fiberglass.

　　Sottsass’s passion for furniture design existed in holistic harmony with his building designs. He created Casa Nanon in Lanaken for a fellow designer and art collector, Edmund Mourmans, who was also a close friend. This friendship allowed Sottsass to create a house truly designed around its owner and family—as well as their collection of birds, for which Sottsass incorporated aviaries into the shell of the house.

　　The house, completed in 1998, was specially designed for the family, with “secret staircases” for Mourmans’s children to play and hide in and creatively laid-out gardens. The whole project places an emphasis on togetherness, without intruding on individual privacy: at the core of the Mourmans’s home is a courtyard, from which the other areas of the house emanate. The bedrooms, studies, and living area are on the ground floor, with the kitchen and library on the floor above. There is a strong emphasis on color, harmony, and accessibility. Rooms are seen and accessed from the courtyard through sliding glass doors that make the courtyard and the house essential parts of one another. (Lucinda Hawksley)

　　Bruges Concert HallSitting on the Zand, Bruges’s main square, the massive Bruges Concert Hall (Brugge Concertgebouw) is at the heart of the old city, dwarfing the surrounding streetscape. Despite its bulk and uncompromising, angular modernity, it feels as though it could have been here for centuries.

　　Designed by Belgian architects Paul Robbrecht and Hilde Daem, the structure was completed in time for Bruges’s year as Capital of European Culture in 2002. The concert hall is an elemental, inscrutable building. It is not immediately obvious what its purpose is—it feels somewhat like a modern cathedral, although it also has a rural quality, and it could almost be a giant barn. Defined by its simple but powerful geometry, the building descends from the square fly tower in a sequence of angled planes. These slants—along with the fact that the entire surface is a deep terracotta color—mean that the building makes intuitive reference to the surrounding city’s pitched roofs. However, it meets the Zand in a less monumental way with a slightly detached volume known as the Lantern Tower, which contains the chamber music hall. Here, there is a facade of glass syncopated with long vertical louvers.

　　The main auditorium is a striking space with inclined walls faced with grooved plaster panels that both limit reverberation and, from a distance, look almost like pleated fabric. The auditorium is located at the center of the building, which is insulated from the outside by the circulation spaces—an architectural promenade of exposed concrete geometry and spare, but beautiful, detailing.

　　What is amazing about this building is how architects Robbrecht & Daem managed to create such an imposing mass so sensitively. The Bruges Concert Hall avoids being spectacular, but it has intensity and precision as an object that makes it linger in the mind. (Justin McGuirk)