None Mexico City was founded in 1521, on the ruins of Tenochtitlán. It is a densely populated city surrounded on three sides by mountains, and at its heart is a gargantuan public square with a long history. These 11 buildings capture the dynamic spirit of Mexico City’s past and present.

　　Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die, edited by Mark Irving (2016). Writers’ names appear in parentheses.

　　The House of Tiles is a two-story building that was constructed in 1596 as a residence for the second count of the Valley of Orizaba and his wife, Graciana Suárez Peredo. It is distinctive for the Spanish and Moorish blue-and-white tiles that cover its outside walls and that gave it its name. The tiles were added in 1737 by the fifth count of Orizaba. There is a story that the count’s father said that his young son would never build a house of tiles, because a tiled house was seen as a sign of success, and the count had little faith in his son’s future. When the son became wealthy, he renovated his home in a Baroque style and covered it with tiles.

　　The Orizaba family sold the building in 1871 to a lawyer, Martínez de la Torre. After his death the building passed into the hands of the Yturbe Idaroff family, who were the last to use it as a private residence. From 1881 the building functioned as a private men’s club, and the ground floor became a women’s clothing store. The revolutionary leaders Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata are said to have breakfasted upstairs when they entered Mexico City in 1914. From 1917 to 1919 the building was remodeled in an Art Nouveau style as the Sanborn Brothers drugstore and soda fountain. In 1978 it was remodeled once again as a restaurant and department store. The main restaurant is set in a glass-covered courtyard that houses a Mudéjar fountain. Surrounding the stone-columned courtyard are tiled murals, and there is a staircase decorated with waist-high tiling. The building was renovated from 1993 to 1995, with the aim of preserving its mix of original styles. (Carol King)

　　The Palacio de Correos (Postal Palace) in Mexico City was built between 1902 and 1907 by Italian architect Adamo Boari. It became the city’s central post office.

　　At the time of its construction, Mexico’s President Porfirio Díaz was keen to emphasize his country’s modernity, and he commissioned a number of public buildings that drew on European architectural styles. The Palacio de Correos was one such building, along with the Palacio de Bellas Artes opera house, also designed by Boari; both are situated in the historic center of Mexico City. Boari favored Neoclassical and Art Nouveau styles, and the Palacio de Correos is an eclectic and heady mix of these.

　　In 1985 an earthquake caused serious damage to the building, and during the 1990s the Mexican government restored the building according to Boari’s original design. The outside of the building consists of a white limestone facade carved with Renaissance motifs. Inside, the elegant main hall has Carrara marble floors and is peppered with stuccoed columns in the form of imitation marble. The central staircase is constructed from wrought iron, as are the counter, tables, and post boxes.

　　The gold-colored bronzework on the banisters, doors, and windows was made by the Italian Pignone Foundry in Florence. The elaborately decorated plasterwork walls of the lower floor and the two upper floors are visible through the main hall and staircase. The top floor of the Palacio de Correos is separated from the rest of the building by a window covering the staircase, and it houses a museum dedicated to the history of the postal service. (Carol King)

　　Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo Studio-HouseThe romance of Mexican artists and communist political activists Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera was at its height when the couple commissioned their friend, painter and architect Juan O’Gorman, to build them a house. O’Gorman had studied at the art and architecture school at National University, Mexico, and was influenced by the work of Le Corbusier. The artists’ house was one of his first commissions, and one of the first built in a Functionalist style in Mexico.

　　Completed in 1932, the house is built of reinforced concrete, and Kahlo and Rivera lived there until they parted in 1934. It consists of two separate buildings: the larger was Rivera’s studio, and the smaller served as living space and Kahlo’s studio. Restored in 1997, Rivera’s studio is bright pink with a light blue concrete stairway and wrought ironwork painted red. Kahlo’s studio is blue. A bridge at the level of the rooftop terrace connects the two buildings. A line of cacti, replanted in keeping with the original design, fences the studios, its green contrasting with the brightly colored structures.

　　In keeping with his Functionalist aesthetic, O’Gorman’s finishes are austere and economic. He left the electrical and plumbing installations exposed inside both buildings, the ceiling concrete slabs were not plastered, and only the walls built with structural clay tiles were stuccoed. Painted water tanks stand proudly on top of both buildings, and asbestos boards with iron frames were used as doors. The steel-framed studio windows are large, stretching almost from floor to ceiling to allow in natural light. (Carol King)

　　In what better place can architects apply their theories than in their own home? Luis Barragán proved that with his Casa Barragán. It is the second residence that the architect designed for himself in the Tacubaya district of Mexico City; the first was on 20–22 Ramirez Street, only a stone’s throw away.

　　Casa Barragán, at No. 14 Ramirez Street, is a house defined by its simple, geometric spaces, colored surfaces, and wide interiors. From the outside, a completely unmemorable facade, with materials left in a near-natural state, represents the structure’s intrinsic modesty. Inside, lower walls separate the high-ceilinged main space, assisting in the diffusion of sunlight throughout the house. The use of primary colors on walls and furnishings reflects Barragán’s love of Mexican culture. A large window allows visual access to the wall-enclosed garden. Barragán often called himself a “landscape architect,” and his outside spaces were intended to be extensions of the interior.

　　Throughout the house and garden, Barragán’s interest in animals and his religious beliefs are evident in the form of horses and crucifix-shaped icons. The house was continuously remodeled until his death in 1988. Throughout his career, Barragán became a specialist in designing intimate private spaces, perfect for isolation from the outside world. His other favorite themes—the combinations of flat planes and light, and the use of strong, vivid colors—are all repeated in Casa Barragán. (Ellie Stathaki)

　　Casa Antonio GálvezThere are few Mexican architects as important in architectural history as Luis Barragán . He is renowned for reinventing the International Style, offering a colorful, even sensuous, version of Modernism. Casa Antonio Gálvez, situated in Mexico City’s San Angel area, is one of his most poetic masterpieces. It showcases his notion of the house as a space of peace and retreat.

　　The house, completed in 1955, is located on a cobblestone street in a formerly suburban area of the city, on a piece of land measuring a mere 7,217 square feet (2,200 sq m). Barragán used the space to create a family house with an enclosed garden. Modernist influences are evident in the lack of ornament and the sharp geometry of the plan’s design, a play of lines and surfaces. But the Mexican master’s personal style and his philosophy of “regionalism” in architecture are also clearly outlined. The colors of the house—intense pink, a warm shade of ocher, and a bright white—help to separate the shapes and screen the entrances and facades. A fountain, enclosed by the tall walls of the entrance patio, causes the patio’s heat to rise and cooler air to be wafted into the house.

　　Tall walls with relatively few windows define the interior/exterior relationship—with the exception of the floor-to-ceiling glass opening that leads to the courtyard and brings together living space and nature in typical Barragán style. This arrangement perfectly suits the hot Mexican climate, enabling the house to breathe and stay cool during hot summer afternoons, while at the same time accentuating the sense of intimacy and privacy that the architect so valued. (Ellie Stathaki)

　　University LibraryAlthough all three architects—Juan O’Gorman, Gustavo Saavedra, and Juan Martinez de Velasco—produced early examples of Mexican Functionalist architecture, each eventually tempered strict Le Corbusier–style Modernism with an idiom that became distinctly their own. Part organic and part progressive socialism, their style was authenticated with native materials, construction, and the unity of structure and content. The architects’ careers hit an exhilarating high when they collaborated on the Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, completed in 1956 This modern building references ancient terrace structures with a 10-story core stack that hugs a corner of the much wider three-story, flat roof base, and crests in a small roof block echoing Aztec sanctuaries atop the main temple form.

　　Five years before work on the site began, Xitle volcano erupted and left behind waves of volcanic stone. This piedra volcanica supplied not only much of the building materials, but inspired elements of the form allied to structural and spatial arrangements of Mayans and Modernism. Echoing tiered temple registers, and geologic layers of igneous rock, the first floor, double-height reading room has rectangular sequences of eleven-by-seven rows of striated, translucent amber onyx squares stacked atop sets of two-pane, three-row glass windows. The onyx shifts from opaque to glowing.

　　At night the whole becomes a backlit magic lantern that pulls one’s vision across the vast public forecourt in preparation for the visual shift upward to the massive mosaic stack. O’Gorman selected ten native rocks to create 10-foot-square (1 m sq) panels, which when assembled across the four faces, creates a unified mosaic design depicting the history and culture of Mexico. The mosaic’s exuberant use of color pays homage to the once glorious polychrome stucco surfaces of what are now bare limestone Mayan and Aztec temples. (Denna Jones)

　　Cuadra San CristóbalThe work of Mexican master Luis Barragán on residential projects is widely acclaimed, including masterpieces such as Casa Barragán and Casa Antonio Gálvez, which adapt Modernist ideals to Mexico’s hot climate. Of a different scale, but still according to Barragán‘s idiom, is the Cuadra San Cristóbal (Egerstrom House), which the architect designed in 1966.

　　A true Mexican hacienda, the house includes equestrian stables for the Folke Egerstrom ranch, a granary, a training track, a meadow, and a large pool for the horses, fed with water through a slot on the adjacent rusty-red wall. The architect’s solution encompasses an idyllic game of light and water, the sunlight playing on the roughly stuccoed walls and then reflecting on the pool’s watery surface. The complex is composed as a series of multilayered planes of varied warm colors from orange and yellow to pink and deep red, which define the spaces—the inner courts—and create areas of shade for people and animals to hide from the sun. The whole complex is conceived around the animals; the walls are designed to their scale, the horses enter and leave the main exercise space through two elegant openings on a long pink wall, and the pool has steps into the water for the horses to refresh themselves.

　　The theme of light and water is common in Barragán’s work, but in this particular project it finds an ideal territory for experimentation owing to its scale, complexity, and need for articulation. (Ellie Stathaki)

　　Ricardo Legorreta’s low-slung “hotel museum” compound occupies 8 acres (3 ha) in the center of Mexico City. Influenced by Mexico’s first city, Teotihuacán, which flourished 1,500 years ago, Legorreta defied convention at a time when city-center hotels were built vertically, and he combined a modern tectonic and minimalist build with the terraced, planar forms of the pre-Columbian empire.

　　Camino Real, which was completed in 1975, is no pastiche, however. Legorreta created a unique design vocabulary. To three geometric shapes—circle, square, and triangle—he added textured stucco, light, sound, and surprise. Legoretta’s signature blocks of bold color provide enclosure, emotional charge, definition, and direction. A shocking pink outdoor screen greets guests in the reception driveway. It references the Mexican art of papel picado (cutting paper into intricate patterns), and it is the first indication that this is no ordinary hotel.

　　Legoretta’s compound adheres to a given within the canon of Mexican architecture—the link between landscape, building, and local context. He complies with surprises such as the caldera water vortex, a sunken bowl that honors both the extinct volcano in which the city sits and the Mayan rain god Chaac.

　　Integration carries on through to the interior public spaces where art and furniture relate harmoniously. The Blue Lounge was designed with a cube floor consisting of hundreds of stones, covered by a veneer of water over which a clear glass floorplate allows guests to float. (Denna Jones)

　　The architects at Taller Enrique Norten Arquitectos (TEN) are internationally renowned for their artful renovations that concentrate on the manipulation of the skin of a structure to breathe new life into unremarkable constructions. Nowhere is this more evident than in the Hôtel Habita, completed in 2000 as the first boutique hotel in Mexico City; it was formerly an brick and concrete five-story 1950s apartment block. TEN wrapped the original facade in a glowing green carapace of frosted and translucent glass. The outer glazed wall is composed of a series of rectangular panels, attached by stainless-steel fittings, screening the old balconies and new circulation. The double skin acts as an aesthetic, acoustic, and climatic buffer, concealing elements of the Mexico City skyline that some may find unappealing with bands of opaque glass while revealing attractive views in narrow strips of clear glass. Traffic noise, pollution, and the need for heating and cooling systems have been eliminated by the use of the envelope. What appears from a distance to be an expressionless mask comes to life on approach in an artful shadow-play. The subtle, ephemeral shapes of the guests moving behind the sandblasted glass exterior become a seductive open-air theater for passersby. At night the hotel metamorphoses as it is transformed into a constantly changing jewelry box of exotic color—a building of artistic elegance that protects its guests behind a magical glass bubble. (Jennifer Hudson)

　　The Casa pR34 is a very personal project. The client wanted to create an extension to his 1960s house as a present for his daughter, a promising dance student. He commissioned his friend Michel Rojkind, who had given up a career as a drummer in a Mexican rock band to study architecture.

　　Attached by a recessed, black-steel frame, Casa pR34 appears to “float” on top of the original structure, which had to be strengthened to support its weight. The little rooftop apartment, which measures 1,464 square feet (130 sq m) and was completed in 2001, was inspired by the youthful, exuberant teenage ballerina. Two rounded and sensuous bright-red volumes interlock; caught in mid-dance, angles appear to come out of every curve. The steel plates, which wrap around the steel beam construction, were shaped in a panel-beating shop to resemble the contours of a human body in motion and, to add to the high-spirited aesthetic, spray-painted with cherry red car enamel.

　　Internally the living accommodation is organized on two levels: the first volume contains the kitchen, dining, and living area; the second, one flight down, the TV room and bedroom. The walls are covered in chipboard coated with an off-white resin to make the most of light in a limited space.

　　Like the relationship between parent and growing child, the house and the extension are at once linked yet independent. Although there are two separate entrances, with access to the addition reached by way of a spiral staircase from the garage, the design incorporates the roof of the original structure. The terrace is paved with lava rocks that were used for the walls of the main house, and its acrylic skylights have become stools and benches at night illuminated by a spectacular LED system. (Jennifer Hudson)

　　Children’s Room After attending school in Mexico, Fernando Romero moved to Europe, where he worked for Jean Nouvel first and later Rem Koolhaas, at the same time developing a personal architectural language to his work. In 1999 he returned to Mexico and started working on the concept of translation: transforming global ideas to meet local realities and gain their own unique style.

　　The project for a house extension to be used by children presented an ideal opportunity to clarify his ideas, although the site and the program presented a number of conflicts. First, the new building (which was completed in 2001) had to sit next to a preexisting house built in a typical mid-century Mexican Modernist style. In addition, the very specific needs of the primary users—children—demanded a reconsideration of the traditional concerns about space and proportion.

　　Romero’s design is a continuous snail-like space that provides a necessary sense of intimacy for the children. Walls fold onto themselves to become the floor, the ceiling, and even the long, curved stair that connects interior and exterior spaces. Without bearing any direct resemblance to the existing house, the design’s clean lines and sensual geometries hint at the formal vocabulary of Central and South American Modernism. Romero was able to use his transformation ideals, turning the space into a uniquely apposite site for the children and the local area. (Roberto Bottazzi)