Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die, edited by Mark Irving (2016). Writers’ names appear in parentheses.

　　Valerio Olgiati’s redesign of a 19th-century building in Flims constitutes a radical transformation of its character. Placed directly by the curving roadside, the Yellow House enjoys maximum impact on the cultural landscape of a town otherwise hidden from immediate view. This potential is fulfilled by the striking presence of the restored building: a timeless, deeply textured surface bearing the marks of construction, painted overall in white to emerge as a gloriously abstract volume. Its name—the Yellow House—is the last vestige of its past embodiment as a bourgeois town house with Neoclassical stylistic pretensions. Olgiati’s father, himself an architect, donated the old building to Flims on condition that it was renovated to become an exhibition space, painted white, and its covering replaced with a vernacular stone slab roof. Olgiati’s design radicalizes these stipulations. Externally the building was stripped of ornaments, the entrance rotated sideways, and all unnecessary openings filled in to create a seemingly neutral grid of windows. Internally the building (completed in 1999) was gutted and rebuilt in whitewashed timber, with the eccentric internal structure organizing the open plan into four unequal areas according to the ceiling beams’ orientation. On the top floor, the dramatic encounter between this structure and the central roof geometry results in a “broken” pillar, symbolizing the power of challenging academic assumptions. (Irina Davidovici)

　　There are very few examples in the world where a building is able to manifest a single architect’s philosophies, experiences, and feelings on materials, light, and logic in one space. Peter Zumthor seems to achieve this unspoken harmony in almost every work he produces, and this is felt most strongly in his masterpiece, the Thermal Baths at Vals.

　　Buried into the side of a spectacularly beautiful mountain range, the baths were built to supplement the industry of a small village. Using local stone, gneiss, quarried from the mountain and a concrete structure, Zumthor pushed his building into the earth, using stacks of finely cut and polished stone to create a labyrinth of small, almost sacred, cavelike pools spotlit by carefully placed lamps. An open-air pool looks out at the surrounding panorama.

　　The experience is visceral, but in no way does this compromise on luxury, as everywhere each space is choreographed perfectly. The main pool, although feeling dark and subterranean, sparkles with linear shafts of daylight cut from the roof above. Indeed, there is no sign from the outside that the building exists; it barely infringes on the mountain and simply becomes part of the landscape.

　　The project was completed in 1998; it took more than six years to finish. The experience of Vals is one of both rich indulgence and a very fundamental feeling of architecture at its best: not background nor foreground but somewhere in between, shaping spaces and quietly orchestrating a very intentional, primal experience. (Beatrice Galilee)

　　Three agricultural buildings gently fan out out on the outskirts of the tiny settlement of Vrin. They form part of a wider strategy—called “Pro Vrin”—for this village of only 280 inhabitants. It concerns the extension and modernization of existing buildings and also new construction, all devised to ensure that Vrin remains a viable working community despite its small size. Gion A. Caminada acted as the planner and architect and is himself a local; his family comes from the same valley, and his office is also situated there.

　　This particular scheme, commissioned by a local cooperative, was for an economically vital set of buildings for this farming community: winter stalls for cattle and an abattoir. The former are adjacent to the fields, while the latter, a smaller structure, is situated nearest to the village. The abattoir has a rubble-stone exterior base, traditional to the area, and an attic for curing meat.

　　Construction is of solid timber, using the traditional local “Strickbau,” or “knit-building,” technique. Caminada’s background is apparent in the attention to the details of the timber construction—he trained as a carpenter before studying architecture.

　　This modest group of farm buildings is a pragmatic response to a community’s needs and simultaneously great architecture. It shows how a respect for local building traditions does not have to result in a hackneyed pastiche vernacular. The sophisticated response to the brief underlines how a contemporary local vernacular is still possible—and desirable—even today when so many standardized industrial building techniques are in use. (Rob Wilson)

　　Farmers’ Housing in CorripoIt is often assumed that true architecture can only be achieved by the involvement of an architect or master builder. It is therefore even more surprising to find an entire village and even an entire valley of extreme architectural value. Corripo, a tiny settlement perched steeply against a remote mountainside, boasts an urban quality in uniformity, yet it shows a diversity that even the most respectable contemporary architects seem to fail to achieve. The use of material, the proportions—restricted by local natural stone and wood—and the positioning of these different early 19th-century buildings seem to respect the harshness of their location. Every house provides only the bare minimum to ensure its farming inhabitants survival in the alpine environment. In a construction method that has stayed the same over several centuries, each “Rustico,” as the houses are known, is built from simple stacked granite blocks; even the roof tiles are sourced from the same natural stone slabs. All wooden parts from structure to joinery were “farmed” by using local chestnut trees. The village of Corippo was only connected to the Swiss road network in 1838. Luckily Corippo was never completely abandoned, and, after being rediscovered in the 1980s by Swiss urbanites as potential weekend retreats, a careful and extensive restoration project followed, which enabled this small but vibrant community to sustain a lifeline well into the 21st century. (Lars Teichmann)

　　Peter Märkli is an unconventional Swiss architect whose highly personal approach is grounded in a fascination with the early, exploratory stages of the established artistic periods of Western culture.

　　La Congiunta is Märkli’s alternative to the conventional museum. An eccentric building completed in 1992 and located outside the remote village of Giornico, it was conceived as a permanent exhibition space for bronze sculptures. It dispenses methodically with the usual paraphernalia of contemporary galleries: shops, cafes, tickets, heating, water. Instead, much like a rural church, the building is accessible by borrowing a key from the village café. Nothing comes between the viewer and the art—except, of course, the building itself. Acutely spare, the concrete enclosure, without insulation, is lit from above through steel-and-plastic clerestories. The building grows from the inside out as a series of three rooms and four smaller cells. The rooms’ carefully determined proportions respond precisely to the demands of the sculptures within.

　　La Congiunta’s deceptive simplicity is belied by the palpable finesse of its proportions, its denial of obvious symmetries, and the height variations with which each room responds to the physical presence of its collection. The play of cold, flattened light on concrete and bronze adds to the subtlety with which one is guided through the space. (Irina Davidovici)

　　Archaeological EnclosuresPeter Zumthor won the 2009 Pritzker Architecture Prize during a career spent as a recluse “architectcraftsman.” The term suits his origins: he trained as a cabinet-maker. His buildings reflect his discovery and expression of a kind of redemptive truth in natural and utilitarian beauty and his resistance to the all-pervading arbitrariness of form-led architecture.

　　Completed in 1986, the archaeological enclosures in Chur were one of Zumthor’s first projects. They combine the formal neutrality of primary forms with an intensely visual surface; they also incorporate sculptural, oversized skylights that refer to the Modernist canon. The volumes trace the contours of the Roman ruins they enclose and approximate their former presence while establishing an urban relationship with neighboring warehouses.

　　The perimeter walls, made of short, overlapping planks of timber, are interrupted only at entry and connection points and by windows, on the location of the old entrances. The timber screens are characteristic of the local barns, and their detailing seems reliant on traditional skills. The secondary elements—the steel entrance canopy, the internal raised walkway, the windows, and skylights—serve metaphorically as links to the present day. This project’s poetry derives from an inherent tension between the “vibrating,” three-dimensional surface and the abstract volumes it defines, from the juxtaposition of elements representing timelessness and the present. (Irina Davidovici)

　　The small, medieval village of Riva San Vitale lies in the beautiful landscape of southern Switzerland, overlooking Lake Lugano. At the north end of the village, along a small and slowly ascending road, Leontina and Carlo Bianchi bought a steep 9,149-square-foot (850 sq m) site with a breathtaking panorama.

　　Casa Bianchi was the first major commission for the young Mario Botta, who had studied with Carlo Scarpa in Venice and worked for the renowned architects Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn. The design of the house illustrates the ways in which Botta tried to gently reconcile nature and construction, developing an almost vernacular architectural language. It consists of a 43-foot-high (13 m) tower with a cubic floorplan of 33 by 33 feet (10 x 10 m). The outer frame is made of huge corner pillars built from concrete blocks. The building is carved with large geometric cuts, each aperture framing a specific view of the mountains, the woods, and the lake. The exterior gives an almost archaic impression with its basic geometrical composition. The tower is reminiscent of the bird-hunting towers, or roccoli, that are typical in the area.

　　Although the building, which was completed in 1973, occupies a small area of the site, it provides a surprisingly generous 2,368 square feet (220 sq m) of living area. Casa Bianchi underlines its relationship with the environment by the spectacular way in which it is entered, via a 59-foot-long (18 m) bridge made of red metal lattice girders—an unusual and dramatic entrance at the top level. (Florian Heilmeyer)

　　This building, completed in 2002, is basically a giant timber shed, its frame indistinguishable from its cladding. It was designed as a new market hall situated in the heart of the old Swiss town of Aarau. Its walls of regularly spaced wooden posts appear both open and closed depending on the angle from which you see the building, and they allow plenty of light to penetrate. The construction is of Douglas fir, stained with natural oils. A single central column is all that is required to support the structure internally, strongly orienting and organizing the interior space, while allowing for maximum flexibility of use inside. Quintus Miller and Paola Maranta both studied architecture at the technical university ETH in Zurich and set up practice together in Basel. Their work is quietly dignified, designed to fit in and look as though it belongs naturally to its site, but not through slavish pastiche or historicism. Thus, this is a wooden building in the center of a mostly limestone old town. Yet it fits in perfectly, kinking at the middle to follow the old street pattern. The feeling inside is of a light, almost temporary market shed, while outside it has the presence of a reserved and significant public building, balancing its role as both a commercial and social hub for the small town. Miller was born in Aarau, which perhaps explains why this is such a perfectly judged intervention into the everyday life of the town, despite being an uncompromisingly modern structure. (Rob Wilson)

　　Church of St. AntoninusThis late masterpiece of Karl Moser is a concrete basilica on a busy suburban street in Basel. Completed in 1930, it has six tall windows and a 203-foot-high (62 m) bell tower. The west end is marked by projecting bays formed by the choir galleries. Inside, the gray walls, bathed in color from the stained glass, rise nobly to a coffered barrel vault—the only major curved form in the whole building—supported on square piers.

　　Moser’s reworking of a traditional Romanesque church design in a Modernist material represented a shift in the architect’s thinking. He had previously put forward a Neo-Romanesque design, but then he transformed the basic shape in response to Auguste Perret’s recently completed Notre-Dame de Raincy. The influence of Perret’s simplified medieval form, reinterpreted in concrete and acting as a display case for stained glass, is unmistakable at St. Antoninus, although there are many differences in the balance between window and wall and the more unified internal space of Moser’s design.

　　A competition was held for the stained glass, and two artists, Otto Staiger and Hans Stocker, both from Basel, were selected. Each window contains a narrative central panel, with a broad surround of abstract color, responding to the grid of concrete mullions. Moser’s scheme for the east end was not completed. The furnishings are mostly plain, although the altars are enriched with relief sculpture and Modernist textiles. The whole commission was an act of bravery on the part of the church, which was only beginning to respond to Modernism. Visitors to Basel can enjoy many fine buildings from the early Modernist period, including Moser’s central railway station and art gallery, but St. Antoninus is the most impressive in its restrained drama. (Alan Powers)

　　St. Alban-Tal Apartment HousesDiener & Diener’s architecture lies at the conjunction between individual building and the city fabric in which it is embedded. The St. Alban-Tal housing project, completed in 1986, marks a shift in their early oeuvre, which combined the recognizable imagery of historical Modernism with direct references to the immediate context. With these two apartment houses, the use of such references becomes more internalized and secondary to the overall perception of the built volumes.

　　The project is located in an area of Basel bordering the Rhine that has a picturesque yet ambiguous character with its medieval city walls, 19th-century industrial buildings, and canal. The two buildings complete this amalgam by combining traditional and Modernist elements.

　　The first building, parallel with the promenade, confronts its dual aspect by contrasting the industrial river facade with a more traditional, timber-boarded elevation at the back, which faces the old structures. The smaller building reveals its skeletal frame toward the canal and proposes a freer composition, determined by the internal open plan, looking toward the square. The living and quiet areas of the apartments are distributed accordingly.

　　The project examines the degree of literalness with which architecture may respond to its site. The Modernist canon is explored in terms of discrete images or quotations from various luminaries placed in unexpected relationships with each other. (Irina Davidovici)

　　Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron designed this distinctive Signal Box as a monument to their hometown of Basel. The sheer simplicity of the object coupled with the distinctiveness of their design speaks volumes about the architects’ dedication and attention to detail. The six-story cube, entwined with bands of copper—appearing from a distance as though it is clad in shimmering pinstripes—transforms an everyday functional object into a thing of beauty. The bands of copper are not simply decorative: subtly twisted, they allow natural light to penetrate the structure, as well as being designed to deflect lightning. It was completed in 1994. (Lucinda Hawksley)

　　The Emanuel Hoffmann-Stiftung foundation, based in Basel, began collecting art in 1933 and has works by nearly 150 artists. Originally these were displayed in the Basel Museum of Fine Arts or Contemporary Art Museum. Yet a major question remained: what to do with the invisible 99 percent of the collection? Local architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron responded with a new kind of space for art, neither a museum nor a warehouse but something in between. Globally celebrated for their art galleries (Walker Art Center extension, Minneapolis; Goetz Collection, Munich; de Young Museum, San Francisco; Tate Modern, London), the Swiss pair became renowned for their tendency to experiment with new forms. The interior of their Schaulager (or “exhibition warehouse”) offers ideal space for storage, flexible enough to make any work available by appointment, while clearly expressing this functional requirement visually. They also created exhibition areas, offices, workshops, and an auditorium; it was all completed in 2003. The inner space gives a logical shape to the exterior, seemingly extruded from geometrical canons. Carefully designed, the indented entrance facade creates a courtyard that turns a dull lot in the outskirts of the city into a genuine urban space. (Yves Nacher)

　　This house in Blatten was commissioned by the director of a Swiss radio and television company, Armin Walpen, and his wife, Ruth. They chose Gion A. Caminada to be the architect of this second home because of his mastery of vernacular Swiss building techniques, in particular the use of traditional timber construction. Thus, in contrast to the rash of pastiche “jumbo chalets” that litter the outskirts of many Swiss mountain villages, the main bulk of the house is constructed of solid logs of larch, cut square but laid using the traditional technique of Strickbau, or “knitbuilding,” so that they slot into each other and overlap at the corners.

　　The timber structure sits on a stone base—also traditional to Swiss architecture—that counteracts any unevenness in the site. The stones were gathered from the bed of a local stream—once a common source for this building material in Switzerland, but now stone is usually imported from Italian quarries. At the northern end is the main entrance to the house, off which are enclosed storerooms including a wine cellar.

　　The upper floors of the house are divided by the stairwell; to the north are an office and guest room, one above each other, which run the full width of the house. To the south there is a large kitchen on the first floor and living room above, with bedrooms off it. This house is notable for being both uncompromisingly contemporary while exuding an unsentimental, traditional sense of “home” rooted in its site. (Rob Wilson)

　　Second GoetheanumRudolf Steiner, a scholar of the works of the poet, dramatist, novelist, and scientist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, founded the Anthroposophical Society in 1912 as a breakaway from the Theosophical Society. Goethe’s ideas remained central for Steiner, and in 1913 he designed a meeting hall for his followers at a rural site near Basel. The large timber building on a concrete base was completed during World War I, but it was destroyed by fire on New Year’s Eve in 1922. Steiner adapted the first design for construction in concrete, a project completed in 1928, three years after his death. It is a striking and original building on a hilltop with fine views amid Alpine meadows, representing his belief that architecture should represent in abstract form the growth principles of nature. Its sculptured forms are similar to those of the contemporary Expressionist movement in German architecture, although they are also suggestive today of Frank Gehry’s designs with their faceted and concave forms. The interior contains an auditorium with a deep stage, with foyer spaces around it, although without the ornamental detail and stained glass of the First Goetheanum. The fascination of this building lies perhaps as much in the ideas that it represents as in its intrinsic architectural qualities. A visit can be both inspiring and disturbing, for it represents a challenge to mainstream beliefs. There have been a number of architects in different countries since the 1920s practicing according to Steiner’s beliefs. Le Corbusier saw it incomplete in 1926 and 1927, and his companion on the visit, Norwegian engineer Ole Falk-Ebell, was convinced that it influenced the design of his chapel of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp. There is a cluster of other Steiner buildings on the site, dating from the period of the First Goetheanum and owing more to Steiner’s personal involvement. (Alan Powers)

　　Vacheron Constantin Watch FactoryThe Vacheron Constantin Watch Factory (completed in 2003) sits as an autonomous object in the commercial zone of Planles-Ouates, once agricultural land on the periphery of Geneva. It unifies the management offices and production facilities of the Swiss manufacturer on a 110,300-square-foot (10,250 sq m) site. According to the wishes of the client, Bernard Tschumi designed the watch factory to be a mixed image of novelty and tradition. It consists of two functional parts; a taller administrative and representative section, and a lower section housing all workshops. The core of the entire structure is almost completely transparent, with a concrete structure enveloped by generous vertical glass facades. Above this lies a thin, double-faced skin—shimmering metal on the outside and warm wooden veneer on the inside—like a blanket casually spread over the building. Except for the columns inside, all of the construction elements, such as the girders for the roof, are concealed between the wooden and metal skin, giving the surface of the facade, both inside and out, a perfect sleekness. The administrative section is organized vertically by a three-story atrium, cut by floating stairs, translucent walkways, and a vitreous lift. Natural light for the production facilities in the lower part of the building is provided by a generous prolate patio. This building certainly does not belong to Tschumi’s experimental works of architecture, such as the Parc de la Villette or the Fresnoy Art Center. Nonetheless, it demonstrates the architect’s intention to liberate architecture from stylistic expectations and his devotion to new materials and technologies. The perfect functional partitioning, the representative design, and the relished commitment to high-tech materials and perfect details make it a role model for industrial buildings in the 21st century. (Florian Heilmeyer)

　　The Kirchner Museum in Graubünden is a primary example of northern Swiss architecture of the 1990s, particularly in the way all aspects of the building collaborate into a consistent, indivisible conceptual unit. This first building from Annette Gigon and Mike Guyer is also one of their most significant. It was built to house permanent displays and temporary exhibitions of the Kirchner Foundation, the Expressionist collection of which gravitates around the work of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. The design responds to the collection’s emotional intensity by concentrating on the painterly filtering and reflecting of Alpine light. The outside envelope is a study of the possibilities of glass: translucent for the walls; clear for entrances and windows; broken gravel-like shards on the roof; and glass components mixed into the concrete base. The factory-like outer ensemble of identical glass prisms corresponds on the inside with the four exhibition rooms. These are embedded into a lower volume—part corridor, part extension of the entrance foyer—which brings together the isolated galleries and opens to the outside through wide expanses of clear glass. The typological ambiguity of this connective space is compounded by its disorienting, overall concrete material presence. The project’s mastery resides in the contrast established between two kinds of rooms: the ambient, neutral galleries and the shadowy, hard, yet sensual space between them that reaches out into the world. (Irina Davidovici)

　　Ricola Marketing BuildingThe Ricola Marketing Building in Laufen is one of the smaller projects by Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, but it is as important as their splashier, headline creations because it marks a turning point in the architects’ work. Completed in 1999, it indicates a departure from the “decorated box” with its fluent internal spaces and a “de-materialized” facade. The skin of the building seems to be provided by ivy and vines growing from the roof. Built on a funnel-shaped site, this graceful structure intentionally lacks a defined shape and a perceivable volume. Herzog emphasized that his interest lay with “the external space, the interstitial space, as well as how the space penetrates the building.” A wide perron that doubles up as a theaterlike gathering space leads from the representational entrance areas up to the office floors. Here, spaces are not clearly defined, and glass walls set out territories within the open plan. Again the perception between inside and outside is blurred by the use of glass, providing a flow of space throughout the office. Only bespoke curtains seem to slow this flux, together with the living, planted skin of the outer facade. In this the Ricola Marketing Building combines architecture, nature, and art into one unified inhabitable concept that also reflects the value and the trade of the client in an ideal way. (Lars Teichmann)

　　Swiss architect Valerio Olgiati does not build quickly. His small school in rural Switzerland took him four years to build, but, since its completion in 1998, it has drawn attention from all around the world for its gentle, masterful approach in form and phenomenological approach to material and building. It is a school that will last long beyond the lifetime of its students. The village of Paspels is a scattered settlement with solitary buildings strewn across the landscape, rarely positioned by the roadside. The setting is a fantastic mountain panorama, and this schoolhouse sits easily within its environment. The key to understanding the building is that the rooms are oriented according to a series of distorted angles. In phenomenological terms, there are two main effects: the static system of rooms is set almost imperceptibly in motion and appears more “spatial,” whereas from outside the core of the building seems more “bodily.” With a square ground plan, the building consists of two concrete parts: an internal structure and an outer shell that, for climatic reasons, only touch where they are joined by shear connectors. The classrooms, clad in larch wood, are situated in the corners of the square, each opening in a different direction. Olgiati came to prominence with his Yellow House, an all-white cube painted roughly with chalklike texture that had no treatment. Similarly, the school has no decoration apart from the expressions of the concrete on the exterior and subtle visual tricks such as a method of extrusion with the classroom windows. The zones within the building have different frames, which subtly communicate a hierarchy of spaces within to the exterior. The window frames for the classrooms were mounted on the internal part of the wall, casting a pronounced shadow. Hallways have their window frames mounted on the exterior—flush with the wall with a bronzelike alloy frame. (Beatrice Galilee)

　　Casa Rotunda a StabioThe Casa Rotunda a Stabio is the modern home built for Liliana and Ovidio Medici by Mario Botta. The house is set within the Swiss countryside, with a few traditional houses close by.

　　The Casa Rotunda (Round House) is essentially cylindrical in shape. It is divided into three floors with slices and segments cut through and across the cylinder to form window apertures, the staircase, and a glass atrium space so that sunlight shines down onto the floors below. The entrance is formed by a rectangular section cut out of the brickwork, which recedes to form a vestibule space, leaving a solid fragment of wall that forms the remaining facade. What is unusual about the building—apart from it being circular in plan, which is challenging in itself—is that from the outside it appears to be solid in its form. But inside the spaces are broken up by intersecting dividing elements between the floors, making it difficult to see where one space begins and another ends. Single-height space changes unexpectedly to dramatic double-height space with huge expanses of glass and curved vertical walls.

　　Casa Rotunda, like many of Botta’s buildings, is visually striking and highly original, challenging the conventional appearance and structure of the home. After it was completed in 1982, Botta—who was highly influenced by Le Corbusier, Louis Kahn, and Carlo Scarpa—continued to produce innovative designs for houses, schools, churches, banks, and administrative and cultural institutions. (Fiona Orsini)