From the Great Market Hall to the Gellért Hotel and Baths, these architectural notables are must-sees while you’re in Hungary.

　　Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die, edited by Mark Irving (2016). Writers’ names appear in parentheses.

　　In 1844 the Neolog Jewish community of Pest acquired a site at Dohány Street to build a new synagogue for its community of then 30,000 members. The architect chosen was German-born Ludwig Förster, whose Moorish synagogue in Leopoldtstadt, Vienna, was being built at the time.

　　The result—the Dohány Synagogue (Dohány utcai Zsinagóga), also known as the Tabak-Shul—is among the largest synagogues in the world, with no fewer than 2,964 seats. This building in Budapest measures approximately 173 by 87 feet (53 x 26.5 m) and was designed as a genuine basilica with two balconies. The western facade has arched windows with decorations of carved stone and brickwork in the city’s heraldic colors blue, yellow, and red. A stained-glass rose window rises above the entrance, and the gateway is flanked on both sides by two copper-domed towers with long arched windows.

　　Inside, the Holy Ark is situated on the eastern wall, facing the bimah (a platform used to perform services). The choir appears above the Holy Ark, and the galleries for the women are located on the upper levels. The 5,000-tube organ was built in the same year that the synagogue opened (1859) and has been played by, among others, Franz Liszt and Camille Saint-Saëns.

　　During World War II, the synagogue served as an internment camp for the city’s Jews. More than 2,000 Jews who died in the ghetto of Budapest are now buried in the synagogue’s courtyard. After the war the Jewish community used the damaged synagogue, but renovations of the temple did not begin until 1991, following the return of democracy to Hungary. (Emile G.L. Schrijver)

　　Close by the River Danube in Budapest is one of Europe’s liveliest 19th-century market halls. After the 1867 Act of Compromise, when Hungary achieved self-government within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Budapest grew rapidly. The old infrastructure for food distribution was inadequate, and the city required a new wholesale market.

　　Designed by a group of architects led by Samu Petz and completed in 1897, the Great Market Hall has a symmetrical facade featuring patterned brickwork around a large main window and four smaller ones. At each end of the facade is a small tower. The entrance is stone and Neo-Gothic, but it is the interior that impresses—one can climb up three floors and look down on a bustling, colorful scene of over 180 stalls selling flowers, fresh vegetables, cheeses, meats, and fish. Most distinctive are stalls of red Hungarian paprika and peppers, reputed to restore fertility and good health, and, near Christmas, tanks of live carp.

　　The barrel-vaulted roof is six stories high, constructed in a lattice of iron. The overall impression is of an iron and glass cathedral devoted to fresh produce and good food. Hungarian author Mihály Gera first visited the hall when he was six: “My dazzled eyes gazed with wonder at the mightiness of the building, the ornamented iron pillars firmly supporting the roof, and the hurly-burly.” Elsewhere, markets like this have been demolished—Les Halles in Paris is one example—or redeveloped into sterile shopping malls. Luckily, Budapest decided to keep and repair its foodie heaven. (Aidan Turner-Bishop)

　　Gellért Hotel and Baths

　　spa in BudapestThe Gellért spa in Budapest.The Gellért Hotel and Baths face Szabad ság híd (Liberty Bridge) at the foot of Gellérthegy Hill in Buda. Saint Gellért, or Gerard, was pushed from the hill and martyred by Magyars. The hill has long been known for its thermal springs, which are used in the local tradition of spa baths, dating from Ottoman Turkish times. Budapest is a city of spas, and the Gellért Hotel and Baths is by far the grandest. Thirteen springs feed thermal pools inside elaborately decorated spa baths built in the Magyaros National Romantic style of Ödön Lechner, who influenced a generation of Hungarian architects.

　　Lechner used modern materials and technology, decorated with traditional Hungarian motifs. His use of ceramics and color in architecture was innovative. Edwin Heathcote, an architectural historian, considers Lechner to have been “an eccentric genius and prophet of modernism.” At the Gellért Hotel, which was completed in 1918, three of his students—Artúr Sebestyén, Ármin Hegedus, and Izidor Sterk—interpreted his ideas with enthusiasm. The interior has glazed, marbled tiles and fine mosaics that shimmer in the warm, steamy atmosphere. The main indoor pool is surrounded by tiled galleries. A semicircular thermal bath lies at one end, and a glass roof slides open in fine weather. The opulent splendor, exotic decoration, and dark recesses combine into a fabulous feast of bath architecture. The main entrance, the corners, and the entrance to the baths are covered with Baroque cupolas. There are sun terraces and an open-air pool outside, carved from the hillside. The whole Gellért complex evokes an era of exquisite luxury and sensual opulence. (Aidan Turner-Bishop)

　　Budapest AerodromeBudapest Aerodrome evokes the glamorous world of 1930s air travel. At that time, civil aviation was the preserve of the fashionably rich, and Budapest was an aviation crossroads for central Europe. When it was completed in 1937, the aerodrome was considered to be one of the most modern in Europe, a model for airports such as those of Dublin and Liverpool. The plan, with its separated traffic system and modern departure building, was influential when engineers and architects were beginning to create an entirely new architectural form—the airport for civilian traffic. The new buildings were expected to handle demanding passengers stylishly as well as processing cargo, enforcing customs and immigration regulations, and maintaining aircraft. The plan is largely symmetrical, with two wings connected to the cylindrical central section. The streamlined, curving plan resembles an aircraft. A gallery and top-lit passengers’ lobby is on the upper floor of the central drum. Originally the columns were glass-faced. An aerial photomontage stretched around the circular lobby space, to which a bar and lounges were attached. Interior fittings, such as door handles, were designed in a smart, Modernist style. On the roof of the central section, a control tower projects out like the bridge of a ship, evoking the glamorous world of ocean liners. Open observation balconies and rooftop decks on the side wings add to the nautical effect. During World War II, fighting between the Germans and the Soviet Red Army was fierce and damaging around Budapest, so it is remarkable that the aerodrome survived the war largely intact. The aerodrome remained the principal air-traffic hub for Budapest until 1950, when Ferihegy Airport (later renamed) opened. (Aidan Turner-Bishop)

　　Church of the Holy SpiritThe Hungarian architect Imre Makovecz created an organic architecture using timber and skilled carpentry. His style of architecture is partly rooted in central European folk timberwork but extended and manipulated into newer and more spiritually expressive shapes. Makovecz’s Church of the Holy Spirit in Paks, completed in 1990, exemplifies this style.

　　The plan is based on the ancient S symbol, a basic symbol in Hungarian folk art. Two symmetrically placed S symbols lie along the east-west axis. They represent the dynamic opposites of light/dark, male/ female, sun/moon, or yin/yang. The dichotomous theme continues externally in the detached bell tower. This has three, very slender spires, capped in gold. The uppermost carries a cross; the lower spires are topped with a sun and a crescent moon. On either side of the tower are two figures: the angels of lightness and darkness.

　　The whole of the church is clad in dark-stained wood tiles, pierced by lighter, polished timber window frames and doors. The central porch is a tall, womblike arch, and the altar is wrapped within an open wooden cone, illuminated by almost transcendent top lighting from a stained-glass ceiling. The effect is mysterious and almost pagan. It suggests Makovecz may have been seeking to recreate the spiritual intensity of the pagan Hungarian tribes who converted to Christianity. (Aidan Turner-Bishop)