Moscow theater hostage crisis of 2002, hostage taking by Chechen militants at the Dubrovka Theater in Moscow, Russia, that lasted from October 23 to October 26, 2002. It ended when Russian Spetsnaz (special forces) troops of the anti-terrorist Alfa command filled the theater with a gas. At least 150 people died, the vast majority of them as a result of the effects of the gas.

　　As the collapse of the Soviet Union was accelerating in 1991, leaders in Chechnya declared independence. Russia invaded Chechnya in 1994, and years of fighting devastated the region. As their cities were obliterated by Russian forces, Chechen separatists called for new strategies, which meant guerrilla tactics in Chechnya and attacks on civilians in Russia. It was in this context that some 50 heavily armed Chechen fighters under the leadership of warlord Movsar Barayev entered a Moscow theater during a performance of the popular Russian musical Nord-Ost and took the audience of 850 people hostage. The Chechens, who had prepared the assault for months beforehand, demanded the complete withdrawal of Russian forces from their homeland.

　　At first, the militants released 150 hostages (women, children, and foreigners), but on the second day of the siege conditions inside the theater began to deteriorate, and a number of people were shot. On the morning of the third day, Russian special forces, who had set up their headquarters in the basement of the theater complex, prepared for an all-out assault. Noxious gas was sprayed into the theater to incapacitate the Chechen fighters; the hostages were affected too, and many died as a result of the gas.

　　The total number of people who died during the crisis is disputed, as is the number of hostages and their captors. Most of the nine known non-Russian hostages who died were citizens of former Soviet republics; one citizen of the Netherlands and one American were also among the fatalities. It is believed that most, if not all, of the hostage takers were killed—executed, eyewitness reports state, after they were incapacitated—and perhaps as many as 200 members of the audience died.

　　The gas used by Russian special forces is thought to have been a vaporized derivative of fentanyl, a pain-relieving drug 100 times more powerful than morphine. The security services refused to disclose what the gas was in the immediate aftermath of their assault on the theater; doctors and paramedics were left to guess what first aid they should administer to counteract its effects. As a result, many of the injured were permanently harmed by inappropriate treatment.

　　Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now In the aftermath of the theater crisis, far from withdrawing from the breakaway republic, President Vladimir Putin intensified Russian military operations against Chechen rebels in a campaign that ended only in 2009.