Norway, by some estimates, is two-thirds mountainous, and about half of its population lives in the south of the country, where its capital, Oslo, is located. These eight contemporary buildings will give you another lens through which to see this Scandinavian country.

　　Earlier versions of the descriptions of these buildings first appeared in 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die, edited by Mark Irving (2016). Writers’ names appear in parentheses.

　　Sverre Fehn, the winner of the 1997 Pritzker Prize, is particularly known and celebrated for his exceptional and inventive use of concrete and wood. When approaching his Norwegian Glacier Museum in Balestrand, visitors are greeted by Fehn’s remarkable vision and a memorable exercise in the flexibility of concrete. The museum, which was completed in 1991, is situated in a valley below the Jostedal Glacier and is deliberately evocative of its icy neighbor. Inside, visitors are encouraged to experiment with snow and ice and to learn about Jostedal. Resembling its mountainous surroundings, the museum seems to have grown naturally on the site. The windows were created in various sizes and shapes, the exterior walls are slanted and leveled, and a long and narrow canopy—reminiscent of a ski slope—forms the entrance. The building is made up of geometric shapes, including a long rectangular exhibition corridor and a cylindrical lecture hall. All these variations bring a sense of dynamism to the entire structure. Fehn’s angles and the steeply sloping canopy at the front echo similar traits of the mountains, and they create a wonderful dialogue between concrete and nature. The museum was named the European Museum of the Year in 1994. To build in this part of the world, communicating the story of how glaciers and ice have sculpted the landscape, is a challenge the architect has taken to its utmost. (Signe Mellergaard Larsen)

　　Norwegian Petroleum MuseumThe extraction of oil is an important industry in the city of Stavanger. Some 20 years after the oil boom, the geology and, in particular, the history of crude oil production in this region were celebrated in a museum that describes all aspects of this valuable resource. Significantly, the architects carefully incorporated the features of a drilling platform in the design. The museum, which was completed in 1999, consists of five main sections. Facing the city lies a monumental block of gneiss rock that alludes to the Norwegian bedrock carrying the oil, whereas near the waterfront stands the single-story exhibition hall that is made of a glazed facade, gneiss, and black-slate flooring. Fronting the harbor and standing on platforms are three steel-and-glass cylinders, making the theme of this museum obvious. One cylinder acts as an exhibition room, another as a sample of a drilling platform, and the third incorporates a 46-foot-high (14 m) space, both above and below the water, where film projections of the sea are shown. It is from these platforms that visitors take in the beautiful view over the Stavanger Fjord. Entering the museum via the massive gray stone building, visitors are introduced to the origins of oil, and, as they move through the exhibition, the initial closed and solid structure opens up to incorporate the sea. Landing on the platform after learning of drilling and extraction, the journey ends where the story of oil begins: in the sea. (Signe Mellergaard Larsen)

　　Karmøy Fishery MuseumKarmøy is an island located off the west coast of Norway. Its name comes from the Old Norse expression Kormt, meaning “shelter.” Here, fishing has always been the mainstay of life. The rich history of the industry led to the construction of the Fishery Museum in 1998. Architects Snøhetta conceived a strong and intense building for the museum, which absorbs and becomes part of its immediate surroundings.

　　The limited budget for the Fishery Museum resulted in a simple yet highly relevant and contextual building. It lies by a narrow inlet surrounded by hillocks and scattered housing. One elongated rectangular frame of in-situ concrete makes up the entire design. Only a few windows are positioned along the two long walls, but one large window at the end of the wall facing the water lets in vast amounts of light to the gray concrete interior where a simple wooden ramp combines the second and third floors. Visitors enter the museum building from the landside; once inside, they are immediately drawn to the view of the fjord beyond the long exhibition room. Here the focus is clear: the collections housed indoors correspond to the natural world outside.

　　In a dramatic statement, the museum’s end curtain wall cantilevers over the edge of the landscape, which drops down steeply to the waterside. This simple feature makes the building especially interesting. In an honest and open way, it brings instant contact with the lives of the fishermen and the fjord. The architects have applied a local craft technique to one of the museum’s exterior walls: by using Einer—a coastal bush of the juniper family—they have woven wooden screens incorporating the contemporary architecture with the surrounding roughness of nature. (Signe Mellergaard Larsen)

　　In connection with the 1994 Winter Olympics, Lillehammer decided to extend its art museum, built in 1963 and designed by Norwegian architect Erling Viksjø. The result is a stunning experiment in the possibilities of wood and glass, adding a beautiful, pure organic structure to the existing Minimalist one.

　　The extension, which was completed in 1993, faces a large public square, the city’s main gathering space. With its voluminous, rollingt larch wood facade, the building appears warm and welcoming, and it contrasts with the original museum, which stands out in a rather closed and cold concrete style. The ground floor, with windows facing the square, lifts up the solid timber-clad structure, which covers the entire facade of the first floor. In the new interior, some of the concrete walls have been sloped, creating an exciting space for the art. The two buildings are linked by an enclosed bridge and a garden filled with sculptures below.

　　Viksjø’s building includes the permanent art collection, mainly of Norwegian landscape paintings. The new museum displays modern and contemporary art as well as temporary exhibitions. This categorization of artworks reiterates the different styles of architecture. But when seeing the museum in its entirety, it illustrates that the styles of two different generations of architects can be combined, creating a vibrant and challenging site for the arts. (Signe Mellergaard Larsen)

　　Telenor HeadquartersIn 2002 one of the world’s largest operators of mobile satellite services—Telenor—gathered together all its office units in Fornebu, just west of Oslo’s city center. The building was designed with no set, assigned desks because the employees are encouraged to access all information from “floating” worktops by plugging their laptops and mobiles into any data or power port. In a joint venture the U.S. architects NBBJ collaborated with the Norwegian practices HUS and PKA. They envisioned building one large complex in order to realize the company’s main wish to unite the resources of all the previous offices in one building, creating a communal space in which communication and work energy interact. The headquarters, which cover 34 acres (14 ha), are on the former site of Oslo International Airport, and they make extensive use of glass curtain walls, providing the employees with stunning views over the Oslo Fjord and the surrounding mountains. Two curved glass boulevards, which have slanted walls, each link up to four glass and steel office blocks, which in turn are connected to public atriums. In between the boulevards is a large common space, which acts as the spine of the building. This building is high-tech not simply because of the mobile and wireless concept that it communicates but also through the practical elements of the structure. For example, shading devices that are automatically controlled by sensors regulate the heat created by the vast glazed facades, and there are also window blinds programmed to react to the position of the sun. The corporate desire for openness and transparency is echoed in the materials and construction of this state-of-the-art design. (Signe Mellergaard Larsen)

　　Nobel Peace CenterA hundred years after the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1905, the Nobel Peace Center was inaugurated in an old train station, dating from 1872, in central Oslo. The highly original interior utilizes a huge variety of colors and materials. It was principally designed by David Adjaye with artistic contributions from designer David Small and artist Chris Ofili. The interplay between the old Classical exterior and the modern, high-tech elements inside creates a fascinating encounter. Adjaye also added a striking, theatrical element outside; visitors approach the center through an aluminum canopy with a curved floor and ceiling perforated with tiny holes, which represents a map of the world. Looking through this canopy, which frames the ground floor of the old station, the architecture from two different centuries is linked. Once inside, visitors are greeted by a wealth of colors and light effects. Open boxes, screens, and frames within frames dominate. Some areas have red resin coats on the walls and floors; in the entrance, green and red lights go on and off, and in the Passage of Honor—a space dedicated to the current laureate—visitors are surrounded by polished brass. Traveling up the escalator, visitors enter a cedar-clad exhibition space and a felt-lined room for film screening. Such colorful, tactile qualities contribute to an exceptional building. (Signe Mellergaard Larsen)

　　Oslo’s opera house has a presence in the city that is very different from that of most opera houses, but it is still immediately impressive. Rather than being a grand building in a city, enticing the visitor to sample the delights within, this building is first seen as a piece of landscape, imposing not because of its height but because of its horizontal extent. A white marble “carpet” is draped over the building and extends to create a generous plaza going down to the water’s edge. Ramps lead up to the roof, so that visitors can enjoy views from a higher level.

　　The interior of the building, which was completed in 2007, was defined as a “factory”—a flexible space which could be easily reconfigured according to requirements. Since opera and ballet are relatively young arts in Norway and it was difficult to know at the planning stages exactly what would be needed for productions, this flexibility has proved to be invaluable. Visitors enter the building under the lowest part of the roofscape, where the ceiling meets the floor. They then move into the foyer, where the roof is supported by four freestanding volumes. Artist Olafur Eliasson designed the perforated, illuminated cladding of these volumes, inspired by glaciers and ice crystals. Another collaboration was with textile artists Astrid Løvaas and Kirsten Wagle on the external aluminium cladding, designed to reflect the light in ever-changing ways. The auditorium itself is within a sculptural timber enclosure; its entire interior is in dark stained oak. It is a classic horseshoe-shaped auditorium, designed to work well for both opera and ballet. (Ruth Slavid)

　　Winner of a competition to design “Madkulturhuset Bølgen”—a multipurpose flexible open-plan space in Aker Brygge, Oslo’s historic marine port—Onda sits between the city and waters of Oslofjord. The Danish and Norwegian practices that designed this holistic, sustainable approach acknowledged the maritime environment and traditional Norwegian wood buildings. Intended to mimic an ocean “wave”—four conical volumes swell and trench at different slopes and angles—the steel-framed wood and glass building, which was completed in 2011, also looks like an upturned boat hull. The protective “hull” is vertical wooden staves held aloft by a horizontal permeable ground-level bellyband of curved glass, which reconnects the hull with a flow of wooden decking spreading across Tingvalla Pier.

　　The slope of the hull and its distance from the decking varies. The main entrance faces the city. A staircase leads to a roof terrace. Natural air-ventilation shutters in the roof combine with a radiant wall made from an adaptable system of water tubes to heat and cool. The design maximizes natural daylight. Cellulose insulation made from recycled newspaper enables the high-energy performance of the curved geometry.

　　Teak is the preferred wood for boat builders, but its unsustainable slow growth, along with rainforest import bans, ruled it out as the wood of choice for Onda. The main building material and exterior decking is Kebony—a proprietary timber that mimics the look, strength, durability, and low maintenance of marine-quality hardwoods but is made from softwoods rendered durable by treatment with liquid biowaste from sugarcane production. Perhaps this use of sustainable and beautiful wood means Norway’s enduring wooden buildings, like its medieval stave churches, will be joined in years to come by 21st-century architectural examples like Onda. (Denna Jones)