Imagine two brands of home coffee makers. Both appliances go through similar steps in their production. Yet, according to customer reviews, one makes better coffee than the other. Regardless of their cost—whether one is more expensive than the other or whether both are similar in price—customers feel they’re getting more bang for the buck with the “better” machine.

　　If both machines were produced using similar supply chain models, the difference in quality must stem from how each company managed its value chain. It’s not just about taking the right steps to make a product, but also infusing additional value into each production step to make a superior product.

　　As a customer, you want to buy the best quality relative to the price you’re paying. And as an investor, the same can be said for the companies you’re investing in about the products they produce.

　　What is a value chain?A value chain is the combination of activities a company performs to create value in a product (a good or service). The value chain covers everything from product design and manufacturing to sales and post-sales servicing.

　　The concept of the value chain, and value chain analysis, was developed by renowned Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter, who introduced it in his book Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance.

　　Value chain analysis identifies opportunities for injecting added value in all phases of the product cycle to establish a competitive advantage in a given market or industry.

　　What are the components of a value chain?According to Porter, a value chain can be broken down into primary and secondary activities. Primary activities include inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and after-sales servicing.

　　Inbound logistics: The stage where raw materials are purchased, stored, and sent to the factories for production. Operations: The manufacturing phase where raw materials and parts are transformed and assembled into the final product. Outbound logistics: Once the product is made, it has to be packaged and shipped to warehouses, stores, or customers. Marketing and sales: At this stage, companies have to get the word out to promote and eventually sell their products. After-sales servicing: Once sold, the product might need servicing, including installation, customer support, or repairs. This phase allows companies to maintain their customer relationships, ensure customer satisfaction, and gather product feedback.Secondary activities are also important. They consist of infrastructure, human resources management, technology development, and procurement (buying materials needed to make the product).

　　According to Porter’s value chain model, each of these separate yet interconnected phases offers an opportunity to create value for the customer.

　　A few investor tips for unpacking the value chainIf the profit from the sale of a product is its value minus its production costs, then understanding how a company produces value is key to understanding its current and future profits.

　　As you’re looking to invest in a stock, it helps to analyze the company’s value chain and ask yourself a few questions.

　　How efficiently is a company managing its supply chain when it comes to the sourcing, procurement, transportation, and storage of raw materials? Does the company have robust relationships with its suppliers to ensure the quality of materials, consistent supply reliability, and favorable costs? How is the company controlling the quality and costs associated with its materials? For example, is procurement and quality inspection outsourced or done in-house?Operations:

　　How proficiently does the company convert its raw materials into finished products, including everything from the product’s design to quality craftsmanship and efficient execution?What is the company doing to improve or innovate its products and/or its production processes? Does customer feedback play a role in product iteration, does it implement research and development (R&D) practices, or is it using advanced technology and automation to make its operations more efficient?How is the company maintaining quality product standards throughout the production process?Outbound logistics:

　　Does the company have efficient means of storing and delivering its products on time?Does the company have an effective system for managing its inventory to match current and anticipated demand?How efficiently is a company managing its storage and delivery costs?Marketing and sales:

　　How effectively is a company identifying and targeting its key markets, including specific regional, cultural, or other types of markets?What marketing and advertising strategies is a company employing to reach consumers?How is the company differentiating its products or company brand from its competitors? Does it have a strong social media presence, influencer recommendations, or does it host a popular blog or podcast? After-sales service:

　　Does the company provide customer service, technical support, or after-sales feedback for purchased products?Does the company offer any incentives to encourage customer loyalty after making a purchase?Does the company offer warranties, repair services, or allow for product returns?You can go even deeper and ask questions about secondary activities, too. But focusing on the primary activities should give you robust insight into how effectively a company manages its value chain.

　　The bottom lineBy analyzing a company’s value chain, you can better understand what’s driving a company’s competitive advantage. This may not only shed light on a company’s current strengths, but also help uncover its potential for innovation, new product development, market expansion, and revenue growth.

　　Understanding a company’s value chain can help you form a more informed and comprehensive, yet nuanced investment strategy.